Proverbs and sayings about happiness. Proverbs about poverty

Proverbs about happiness are very important. Every person strives to become happy, sometimes not noticing the daily joys of life. But it is possible to be happy 24 hours a day, you just need to have the intention. The floorboards we collected help with this

Proverbs about happiness and unhappiness, about happy people

Proverbs about happiness and grief from O. D. Ushakova’s collection “Schoolchild’s Dictionary. Proverbs, sayings, catchphrases":

Happiness is not a fish; you can’t catch it with a fishing rod. You can't catch happiness in your hands. There would be no happiness, but misfortune would help. Don't be born beautiful, but be born happy. Happiness is like a wolf: it deceives you and goes into the forest. He scolds life who does not know happiness. Truth is good, but happiness is better. Happy hours are not observed. They don’t run from happiness, they catch up with happiness. A person runs for happiness, but it lies at his feet. Happiness without a mind is a bag full of holes. Happiness is easy to find, and even easier to lose. He who gives up in grief will never know happiness. To be afraid of grief - and not to see happiness. Those who have not seen grief have not known happiness. Everyone is a smith of his own happiness. Whoever fights for happiness is where it tends. Where there is work, there is happiness. Money can not buy happiness. Happiness has short legs, grief has every step of seven miles.

Proverbs from the section “Happiness and Luck” from V. I. Dahl’s collection “Proverbs of the Russian People”:

Happiness is the mother, happiness is the stepmother, happiness is the mad wolf. Happy is the bear that he didn’t get caught by the shooter; and the shooter is happy that he did not get caught by the bear. Happiness on wings, misfortune on crutches. Trouble doesn't come alone. Some people have fun, but I don’t have half the fun. Yours are jumping, and ours are crying. It was bad weather, but the rain got in the way. Happiness and misfortune live side by side. Happiness and misfortune ride on the same sleigh. Happiness and unhappiness are a bucket of bad weather. Happiness is an external bucket (i.e. unreliable). Happiness disappeared, there was nothing in the house. A man sowed bread for luck, but quinoa was born. To whom happiness serves, he does not worry about anything. Happy is like a roll of honey (everything sticks to him). Don't be born good or handsome, be born happy. The happy one jumps, the unhappy one cries. Happiness without the mind is a bag full of holes (what you find, you lose). Happiness and misfortune were mixed - there was nothing left. When sitting on a wheel, look under the wheel! I was happy, but caught misfortune in my hands. To seek happiness is to run away from it. The fool sleeps, but happiness lies in our heads. In a dream there is happiness, in reality there is bad weather. Happiness will come and find it on the stove. Happiness adds to the mind, and unhappiness takes away from the mind. With happiness you will come across a treasure, without happiness you won’t find a mushroom. Treasure and wife - for the lucky one. You can't buy happiness with altyn. Happiness is not a gag: you can’t take it into your hands. Happiness is not a horse: you can’t put on a collar. Happiness is not a cow: you can’t milk it. Happiness is a free bird: it sat where it wanted. Don't be born beautiful, but be born happy. Don't be born smart or handsome, but be born happy. Happy people get stuck between their fingers. A birthmark is fortunate. A happy person has a birthmark. Happiness is not a stick, you can’t take it in your hands. Happiness is like a double-edged sword.

Proverbs from the collection of A. M. Zhigulev “Russian folk proverbs and sayings”:

About a happy and unhappy person

Happy is the person who lives in the Soviet age. Happy people will be born under the Soviet star. You can't get around happy. And not beautiful, but happy. Happy people don’t watch hours, but unhappy people pawn them. Happy for lunch, unhappy for the butt. Happy and sour cream on the water. I was happy, but caught misfortune in my hands. A happy person does nothing: he lives and warms himself. The happy one jumps, the unhappy one cries.

Proverbs about happiness

Our happiness is in our hands. Happiness is not sought, but made. Each person is the architect of his own happiness. To each his own happiness. Happiness serves few. Where there is truth, there is happiness. Those who fight for happiness strive for it and it tends towards it. Happiness comes to those who gain intelligence through work and study. Happiness does not float in the air, but is taken by hand. They don’t run from happiness, they catch up with happiness. We used to live and shed tears, now we live and forge happiness. Happiness is no wonder there, where people do not work lazily. If there is no happiness, don’t expect joy. You can't catch happiness in your hands. Truth is good, but happiness is better. Happiness without a mind is a bag full of holes. To be afraid of grief - and not to see happiness. Money can't buy happiness. It is easier to find happiness than to keep it. Happiness is not a fish; you can’t catch it with a fishing rod. A person runs for happiness, but it lies at his feet. He scolds life who does not know happiness. Previously, happiness was overnight, but now it is forever. Some are happy, some are two, and some have nothing. You can't harness happiness to a shaft. Happiness is not a cow: you can’t milk it. Happiness is not a stick, you can’t take it in your hands. Look for new happiness, but don’t lose the old. Those who have not seen grief have not known happiness.

Proverbs about misfortune and an unhappy person

You won't envy the unfortunate man. The happy man's enemies die, the unhappy man's friend dies. Poor Makar gets a lot of bumps. Every kind of chip hits poor Zakhar. To be afraid of misfortune means that you will not see happiness. In times of misfortune, do not be discouraged, but overcome sadness. It would not have been fortunate, but misfortune helped. Misfortune alone does not come. I was happy, but caught misfortune in my hands. Happiness and misfortune ride on the same sleigh. There would be happiness, but misfortune would prevail. Soon, but unfortunately. No matter what he undertakes, he succeeds, but no matter what I undertake, I end up failing. He pounds and struggles, but he still doesn’t succeed. He ran from the wolf and attacked the bear.

About happiness and joy

Joy makes you young, but grief makes you old. There is no rose without thorns, there is no joy without sadness. He who lives in joy will not be overcome by grief. Without knowing grief, you will not know joy. Old people also become younger with joy. Filat is glad that things are going well. Curls curl out of joy, but split out of grief. In great sorrow, small joy is great. Joy is not a fellow traveler. The old man’s cell is red with joy and merriment. Don’t rejoice in someone else’s misfortune, your own will come. Whoever finds the treasure will be happy. Those who are not rich are happy with a ruble.

Look for happiness not on the road, but in knowledge

Proverbs are found not only in the Russian language. The Tatars composed many legends about happiness and sorrow. You can read one of the sayings in Russian translation above. The phrase is full of wisdom. After all, it’s really stupid to look for happiness in distant countries and cities when you know nothing about them. Therefore, to become happy, you must first enrich your head with a store of knowledge. Thanks to books, today anyone can travel without leaving home.

Man is created for happiness, like a bird is created for flight.

V. G. Korolenko

To be happy, you need to believe in the possibility of HAPPINESS.

Lev Tolstoy

When I was 5 years old, my mother always told me that the most important thing in life is to be happy. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I wrote "happy". They told me, “You didn’t understand the task,” I told them, “You didn’t understand life.”

John Lennon

Our friends:

1. Where there is love, there is happiness.
2. Happiness comes to those who gain intelligence through work and study.
3. Happy is your God, happy is yours that this happened!
4. Fortunately, the man sows bread.
5. Even the beast is tamed against the happy, but against the unfortunate every reptile rises up.
6. Happy for dinner, fatally hit.
7. Happy, light hand.
8. Happiness is like a double-edged sword.
9. Happiness is more valuable than intelligence and wealth.
10. Happiness is more valuable than wealth.
11. It’s not the happiness that you rave about in your dreams, but the happiness that you sit and ride on.
12. Those who are happy in the game are unlucky in marriage.
13. Eco happiness: two mushrooms on a spoon, the third sticks to the stem!
14. Some are happy, some are in bad weather.
15. Don't give up your shares.
16. Luckily, I was there myself.
17. For good luck, for chance, for good luck.
18. Play happily - rob people; to play unhappily is to offend yourself.
19. Live in happiness, in time, prosper.
20. Happiness is in us, and not around the bush.
21. Home happiness, advice and love.
22. Lada, there is great happiness in the family!
23. God will give you health and happiness.
24. Happiness is the mother, happiness is the stepmother, happiness is the mad wolf.
25. With happiness you will come across a treasure, without happiness you won’t find a mushroom.
26. Happiness is that the spring bucket is (unreliable).
27. Don't be born smart or handsome, but be born happy.
28. Happiness is more valuable than wealth.
29. Happiness is like shaking: it will attack whoever it wants.
30. In a fight, happiness is a great thing.
31. Nowadays you only hear about Tatar happiness in fairy tales.
32. The first happiness is when there is no shame in the eyes.
33. Happiness is great, but intelligence is not enough.
34. Happy is everywhere for a fool.
35. He has stupid happiness: donkey, ox happiness.
36. Happiness will come together with happiness, and even then it will not be crazy.
37. Happiness and misfortune were mixed - there was nothing left.
38. God gives happiness to the stupid, but God gives happiness to the smart.
39. Today there is happiness, tomorrow there is happiness - God have mercy, but where is the mind?
40. Don't be born good or handsome, be born happy.
41. Looks happy, handsome.
42. Happy people get stuck between their fingers.
43. The happy (rich) have nothing to do: he lives and warms himself.
44. The happy one jumps, the unhappy one cries.
45. Not the happy one that is with the father, but the happy one that is with the husband.
46. Children make my life happy.
47. He is happy in everything, in trading, in cards.

Happiness is truly a wonderful thing. It makes a person feel good and is the basis for a fulfilling life. Unfortunately, sometimes difficulties arise in our lives. But, having inspiring proverbs and sayings about happiness at hand, you can cheer yourself up or your loved ones and friends, as well as improve your day. For this reason, this collection of proverbs with the word happiness and how to stay happy was created.

By the way, the General Assembly of the United Nations declared March 20 as the International Day of Happiness. Recognizing its importance to the lives of people around the world. This day is meant to remind people of the importance of pursuing happiness, finding it, and sharing it with other people. And the proverbs and sayings from this article will help you with this.

Proverbs about happiness: African and Eastern

African

1. The ability to control your desires will make your life happy.
2. Happiness is as good as delicious food.
3. Happy is the man who, while hunting for rats, caught an elephant.
4. Happiness may even squeeze into the house through the crack of the door as soon as you open the doors.
5. Happiness is like perfume: you can’t spray it on others and remain scentless yourself.
6. A piece of bread with a happy heart is better than wealth with grief.
7. If people are happy, it means they have a good leader.
8. Silence is the translator of happiness.
9. It's better to be happy than to be a king.
10. The day of happiness is short.
11. Happiness requires doing something, loving someone, and hoping for something.
12. The place where you feel happy is better than the place where you were born.

Eastern

1. A person can be happy even if he only has bread and onions to eat.
2. Expensive goals can destroy your happiness.
3. True happiness lies in making others happy.
4. Happy is he whose own shortcomings do not allow him to consider the shortcomings of others.
5. Happy is the woman whose husband does not nag her.
6. It is easier to be a happy bachelor for a year than to be a widower for a month.
7. He who does not cleanse the dirt washes away happiness.
8. Divorcing a young wife means giving another man the opportunity to become happy.
9. Woe to the one who claims that happiness cannot be found.
10. A person stuck on momentary joy will never achieve great happiness. Happiness is like a crystal - when it shines the most, cracks can suddenly appear on it.
11. A bribe makes both parties happy.

Proverbs and sayings about happiness from all over Europe

1. Money alone cannot make a person happy. (Portugal)
2. If your neighbor is happy, then your work will be easier. (Macedonia)
3. A person who trusts others is happy, and a person who doubts is unhappy. (Hungary)
4. You become happy not from happiness itself, but from the path to achieving it. (Finland)
5. A wise husband and a patient wife are the key to a peaceful home and a happy life. (Holland)
6. The wisdom of a man and the patience of a wife make the family happy. (Cyprus)
7. If a man is tired of happy single days, let him get married. (Holland)
8. To make a happy couple, the husband must be deaf and the wife blind. (France)
9. Happy is the man whose beautiful wife lives next to the church. (France)
10. If the collective farm is rich, the chairman is happy. (Russia)
11. Who wants to be happy should stay at home. (Greece)
12. A deaf husband and a blind wife will always be a happy couple. (Denmark)
13. Happy is he who has corrected his youthful follies. (Czech Republic)
14. Happy is he who can help others avoid trouble.(Bulgaria)
15. Good wages make workers happy. (Romania)
16. Happy is he who can forget what cannot be changed. (Poland)
17. A happy home without a crown. (Spain)
18. Spilled wine is a sign of happiness. (Spain)
19. He who lives with hope dies happily. (Sweden)
20. Where ignorance is bliss, there stupidity is elevated to the rank of wisdom. (Ireland)
21. If the mother is unhappy, then no one is happy. (Scotland)
22. Happy is the bride on whom the sun shines. (Austria)
23. A happy wife means a happy life. (Austria) (You can find many interesting thoughts by reading).
24. The memory of happy days makes suffering even bitterer. (Ukraine)
25. It's better to be happy than wise. (England)

Proverbs with the word happiness

1. Happiness unties its hands and closes its eyes.
2. The most unhappy person is the one who doubts his own happiness.
3. No one can be happier than the one who believes in his own happiness.
4. Happiness is often found where we are not.
5. A kitten is an instrument for children's happiness.
6. There is no permanent happiness, there are only moments of it.
7. If being bearded brings happiness, then a goat should be happier than any of us.
8. Kindness brings happiness.
9. Happiness increases when we spread it to others.
10. Happiness that lasts too long spoils the heart.
11. True happiness is not in what you like to do, but in what you need to do.
12. Obedience is the mother of happiness.
13. Money doesn't bring happiness.
14. Happiness is somewhere between too little and too much.
15. When ambition ends, happiness begins.
16. Happiness and glass crack easily.
17. Happiness does not take, it only gives.
18. A person without happiness is neither good nor bad.
19. Where there is love, happiness will settle.
20. Where ambition begins, happiness ends.

Italian-Sicilian proverbs on happiness

1. He who loves God with all his heart lives happily and dies happy.
2. During an epidemic, doctors are happy.
3. If you want to be happy, love someone who loves you, because loving someone who doesn’t love you is a waste of time.
4. If you want to have a happy life, stay away from your relatives.
5. Happy bride with the sun shining on her.
6. Happy is the man who stays away from strife.
7. Happy is the man who avoids debt.
8. To be one-eyed in the land of the blind is the same happiness.
9. No person can be happy without friends, nor can he have confidence in others until he encounters misfortune.
10. Childhood should be happy and carefree.
11. Be virtuous and you will be happy.
12. Achieving your goals is called success, and the state of mind that you get from this is considered happiness.
13. All happiness is in the mind.

Proverbs about happiness: Jewish

1. Happy is the one who always behaves honestly.
2. Happy is the one who has life wisdom and praise from others.
3. Happiness is a field where you can harvest crops all year round.
4. If you are always afraid of unhappiness, then it is easy to miss your happiness.
5. The best way to find happiness is not to look for it.
6. A wise son makes his father happy, a foolish son makes his mother sad.
7. Happy is the generation where the adult listens to the child, and the great ruler listens to the little man.
8. A gram of happiness is better than a kilogram of gold.
9. The rabbi drinks wine and asks others to be happy. A fool dreams of wealth, and a wise man dreams of happiness.
10. If you want to be happy throughout your life, plant a garden. (Find out ).
11. Those who have not learned to share their blessings with others have not found the true path to lasting happiness.
12. He who depends on himself and hope in God will achieve the greatest happiness.
13. To achieve happiness, you need to pave a straight path through suffering.
14. Where purpose begins, happiness begins.
15. When at least one person in the family is wise, both will be happy.
16. Happiness is given to be shared.
17. A happy person is like a duck in water.

Proverbs and sayings about happiness: Chinese and Japanese

Chinese

1. Happy is the person who is not sick.
2. He who knows the measure of everything will know true happiness.
3. Beautiful girls are rarely happy, and smart boys are rarely handsome.
4. If you are not a fish, how can you tell if fish are happy?
5. Happy people never count the past time.
6. Without illnesses a person is happy, and without debts a rich person.
7. Happy is the one who knows how to find his happiness.
8. Happiness is like a ray of sunshine that can illuminate even the smallest shadow.
9. Happiness has its roots, and sorrow has its womb.
10. You can never be happy at the expense of others' unhappiness.

Japanese proverbs

1. Happiness will come to the house where joy resides.
2. Happiness rarely travels company with an empty stomach.
3. Happiness flies away from those who want it most.
4. Misfortune can become a bridge to happiness.
5. Spring of happiness - cleanses the heart.

For a long time, people have been thinking about the vicissitudes of fate. Many literary works and philosophical treatises have been written about the changeability of her character. also did not ignore this topic. Proverbs about happiness and sorrow from different countries are often very similar. Since their authorship belongs mainly to ordinary people. And who, if not the poor, knows what a tough character Fortune has.

Harsh living conditions and hard work taught the common people to look at what was happening from a philosophical point of view. This approach also helped to survive adversity, while maintaining purity of soul, faith and love for life. That is why many proverbs about happiness and sorrow among the Russian people are filled with sadness and hope at the same time.

Proverbs and sayings about happiness

Proverbs and sayings about happiness talk about this state of complete satisfaction with life. Along with happiness, they often mention the antonym - unhappiness.

We must remember that only the person who sincerely treats his loved ones and tries to do everything right can be happy. Happiness cannot be found. It also cannot be bought with money. Only smart people who properly plan their leisure time and everyday life can acquire true happiness.

• With happiness it’s good to go mushroom picking.
• Happiness and misfortune they live side by side, riding on the same sleigh.
• I was happy, but caught misfortune in my hands.
• Happiness and unhappiness are a bucket of bad weather.
• Happiness will come and find it on the stove.
• Happy is he who has a clear conscience.
• Happiness soon leaves, but good hope never does.
• A happy dog ​​doesn't need an owner.
• Happiness disappeared - there was nothing in the house.
• Happiness is not a bird: you can’t catch it by the tail.
• Happiness and unhappiness live close together.
• Happiness is not a stick, you can’t take it in your hands.
• Happy - for dinner, unhappy - for an answer.
• Happy was born in a shirt.
• A happy day is a minute, bitter days are a whole life.
• Happiness is not in your wallet, happiness is in your hands.
• Happiness does not lie on the road.
• You cannot be called happy before death.
• Money can't buy happiness.
• Happiness is a free bird: wherever it wants, it settles there.
• Happiness doesn't come easy.
• Happiness is not a horse, you can’t put on a collar.
• Happiness loves fools, but misfortune destroys even the smart.
• Happiness is great, but intelligence is not enough.
• Happiness does not float in the air, but is achieved by hand.

He who has never seen grief has never known happiness.

This proverb explains well to a person that one should not despair in any situation. The proverb about happiness and sorrow says that without comparison we will not know what is good and what is bad. Well, how can a person know that he is living happily? He may feel good, but he will always want more. And it is precisely at that moment when misfortune befalls us that we think about what was good before. And it also works in the opposite direction. Only a person who has seen and experienced a lot of grief in his lifetime can truly appreciate what happiness is.

Proverbs and sayings about happiness

Sometimes our lives lack motivation. But, inspiring proverbs and sayings about happiness can motivate us, lift ourselves, our loved ones or friends’ mood, and also improve our day.

Happiness is truly a wonderful thing. It makes a person feel good and is the basis for a fulfilling life. For this reason, this collection of proverbs with the word happiness and how to stay happy was created.

By the way, the General Assembly of the United Nations declared March 20 as the International Day of Happiness. Recognizing its importance to the lives of people around the world.

This day is meant to remind people of the importance of pursuing happiness, finding it, and sharing it with other people. And the proverbs and sayings from this article will help you with this.

Proverbs about happiness: African and Eastern

African

1. The ability to control your desires will make your life happy.
2. Happiness is as good as delicious food.
3. Happy is the man who, while hunting for rats, caught an elephant.
4. Happiness may even squeeze into the house through the crack of the door as soon as you open the doors.
5. Happiness is like perfume: you can’t spray it on others and remain scentless yourself.
6. A piece of bread with a happy heart is better than wealth with grief.
7. If people are happy, it means they have a good leader.
8. Silence is the translator of happiness.
9. It's better to be happy than to be a king.
10. The day of happiness is short.
11. Happiness requires doing something, loving someone, and hoping for something.
12. The place where you feel happy is better than the place where you were born.

Falling is not a problem, trouble is not getting up

This Russian proverb about happiness and sorrow is incredibly popular today. Young businessmen, and simply successful people, post this phrase on their social networks. Many consider it a motto. Why did she become so popular overnight? Because in the era of capitalism, the desire of every second person is to open their own business. But not everyone is able to set up a successful enterprise. Many go broke. And it is precisely this unfortunate moment that breaks the fate of many people. But those individuals who managed to rise up usually manage to establish their business on the second or third attempt. After all, it’s easier to act a second time when you already have experience behind you, even if it’s unsuccessful.

Arabic sayings about trouble and joy

Sadness and a certain doom fill both happiness and grief, which are a reflection of the difficulties endured by ordinary people.

• He who hides his grief will not find a cure for it.
• In grief, strife is forgotten.
• The greatest misfortune comes through loved ones.
• If you haven’t tried the bitter, you won’t be able to appreciate the sweet.
• Trouble comes through wide doors.
• As soon as you come to terms with one misfortune, another is already on the threshold.
• Grief falls on a person's head from his tongue.
• Everyone is given as much as they can bear.
• Happiness is a pinch, and grief is bags.
• Those who do not value their happiness are approaching grief.
• The time of happiness is short.
• Many works bring many joys.
• It is better to experience misfortune than to live in fear of it.

Concepts “Happiness” – “misfortune” in the linguocultural content of Russian proverbs – part 2

The concept is axiological in nature. The center of the concept is value, since the concept serves to study culture, and culture is based on the value principle.

The figurative component of the concept is associated with a way of understanding reality that historically precedes the conceptual one. The figurative element of a concept includes all naive ideas enshrined in language, internal forms of words that serve to express a given concept, and stable mental pictures.

The presence of three components in the structure of a linguocultural concept - conceptual, axiological and figurative - predetermines the connection of the concept with the language that objectifies it, with culture as a national system of values, determined by the history of the people and their spiritual and mental make-up, with the consciousness of man and his activities.

Since ideas about happiness and unhappiness are a specific feature of a person’s worldview, their study can be carried out by scientific disciplines developing within the framework of the anthropocentric paradigm: philosophy, psychology, sociology.

Philosophical concepts close to happiness are: eudaimonia in the meaning of “fate, a person under the protection of good gods,” which later denoted the possession of the highest goods; pleasure – positive internal experiences; luck – positive living conditions; bliss is pleasure in its highest degree. A natural characteristic of happiness is the content of those values ​​that a person considers important for himself. The desire for happiness, that is, for the realization of value systems, is determined by the moral and ethical standards that guide a person.

The psychological specificity of happiness and unhappiness lies in the fragility of happiness and the complexity of the transition from a state of unhappiness to a state of happiness. The absence of one of these conditions does not indicate the presence of the other. The psychological nature of happiness is based on objective and subjective factors, which most often do not coincide for happiness and unhappiness. There is a direct connection between the intensity of the experience of happiness and unhappiness. The perception of happiness and unhappiness is largely determined by the complex of personal and psychological properties of a given person.

The morality characteristic of Russian consciousness reveals itself in relation to happiness and unhappiness, which makes it possible to classify ideas about happiness and unhappiness as high. The problem of the moral legitimacy of one’s own happiness and the morally purifying, redemptive meaning that is attached to suffering and misfortune come to the fore. The study of the concepts “happiness” - “unhappiness” leads to the identification of such culturally significant oppositions as: happiness / unhappiness - truth, law - truth - conscience.

In the second chapter “Lexico-semantic level of representation of the concepts “happiness” - “misfortune””

An analysis of lexical means verbalizing the concepts “happiness” - “unhappiness” is carried out.

Most often in a language, a concept is expressed by a word, which receives the status of a concept name - a linguistic sign that conveys the content of the concept most fully and adequately. At the same time, a concept can correlate with more than one lexical unit and find expression with the help of heterogeneous synonymous (actually lexical, phraseological) units that describe it in the language.

Analysis of the etymology of lexemes representing the concepts “happiness” - “misfortune”, as well as mythological views preserved in the naive picture of the world, allows us to identify the semantic and national-cultural features of the concepts under study.

Happiness and unhappiness are included in the lexical-semantic field of fate and are an important component of this concept. In the popular consciousness, happiness and misfortune, along with other personified embodiments of fate (share), act as mythological creatures. The search for an answer to the question about the source of happiness and unhappiness leads to a combination in the mind of a personal feeling of happiness - unhappiness and a mythological creature as the source of this feeling.

Synonyms for happiness and unhappiness are: share

(in proverbs, share is happiness, less share is misfortune),
star
,
(y) part
actualize the attribute 'predestination';
the lot
actualizes the attribute of 'chance', as well as 'given from above'.
These words reflect the irrational nature of happiness and unhappiness. The lexemes “god”, “share”, “(y) part”, “happiness”, “misfortune”
include the semantics of division
,
involvement in the shared.

Happiness can be represented in the lexemes “meeting, time, day, sun”,

misfortune – lexemes
“timelessness, evening”,
which determines the appearance of happiness and unhappiness at a certain time.

Misfortune as something clinging, burdensome, heavy is represented by the lexemes “trouble”, “sinister”, “misfortune”, “valiantly”, “grief”.

The lexeme
“rock”
actualizes the inevitability of misfortune.

One possible interpretation of the words “karna”

and
“zhlya”
in the Old Russian language is their correlation with mythical characters personifying sorrow, grief, mental suffering, as evidenced by the monument of Old Russian literature “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”. In Bryansk dialects the word “karna” is known to mean “torment”, “sorrow”.

Happiness and unhappiness are associated with the process of dividing into parts, distributing the whole between members of one group. Happiness could be participation in what is shared, as well as the good part obtained as a result of division; Accordingly, the misfortune could be the inability to participate in the division and receive one’s share. The subject of such division is a certain higher power. Initially, the elder of the clan or community could act in her capacity; the power that gives a person a happy or unhappy lot could be a deity: Rod, in Christian teaching - God. The object of influence of this force is a person who can manifest his will (seek his share, happiness), but it should not contradict the will of a higher power. Manifestation of self-will, inability to understand what was destined and intended - all this could be the cause of a person’s misfortunes. Thus, in relation to happiness and unhappiness, a person takes an ambiguous position. On the one hand, he is passive in relation to happiness and unhappiness due to the irrationality and absoluteness of these forces. On the other hand, realizing and accepting one’s fate, which, like life itself, can be happy and unhappy, a person comes to know himself, his destiny. Thanks to this knowledge, he is already capable of self-improvement and improvement of his life.

Analysis of lexicographic sources allows us to trace the main stages in the formation of the concepts “happiness” - “unhappiness”. The loss of semantic and word-formation connections of the lexemes “part” - “happiness/misfortune” leads to a change in the meaning of words. Happiness and unhappiness are no longer designations of specific objects, but become abstract names. In the evolution of the concepts “happiness” - “unhappiness”, their anthropocentricity and psychologization can be traced: attention moves from an external force - the source of happiness / unhappiness to a person, his will and state of mind.

Happiness and unhappiness are the object of assessment by the linguistic personality. In this case, misfortune is perceived as something heavy, bitter, serious. Happiness can be understood as easy, undeserved, or have the meaning of the highest degree of bliss, which brings it closer to the sphere of “high”, and, therefore, illusory.

The specificity of the main meaning of the lexemes “happiness” - “misfortune” (state - event, respectively) determines the characteristics of concepts along the lines of 'awareness - unawareness'.

Analysis of the synonymous series of the lexeme “happiness” allows us to conclude that what is valuable in happiness is a feeling of harmony, uplift, which in terms of intensity can vary from a restrained manifestation of feelings to wild joy. The lexemes “bliss”, “grace”, “idyll”, “rapture”, “bliss” are associated with receiving pleasure, enjoyment from a happy life. In the lexeme “well-being” the attribute “wealth” is updated.

The synonymous series “fate - luck / talent - fortune” emphasizes a possible source of happiness. The correlation of happiness with luck and fate gives it such qualities as unpredictability and predestination at the same time.

Analysis of the synonymous series of the lexeme “misfortune” allows us to identify the distinctive signs of misfortune: a difficult, most often unexpected event - misfortune, calamity, tragedy, adversity; the lexeme “grief” defines misfortune as a mental experience, suffering; “misfortune”, “valiantly”, “misfortune” refer to the representation of misfortune - a mythological creature; The lexeme “lack of share” reflects the etymology of the word “misfortune.” “Blow of fate” refers to the likely source of misfortune.

The word-formation potential of the lexemes “happiness” - “misfortune” is determined by the use of the morphological (suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal) method of word formation, as well as substantivization. At the level of word formation, happiness and unhappiness are correlated according to the principle of antonymic symmetry. The absence of a verbal implementation of the concept “misfortune” in the modern Russian language and its presence in the dictionary of V. I. Dahl indicates a possible source of origin of this concept (bezschastit - to deprive a good share), as well as the ambiguity of this source in the modern Russian language, in contrast to the concept “happiness”, the verbal implementation of which is given in dictionaries of the modern Russian language.

The use of psycholinguistic research methods makes it possible to establish the individual semantic content of the lexemes “happiness” - “unhappiness”, determine the degree of relevance of the internal form of these words for native speakers, and also identify those features in the representation of happiness and unhappiness that are most significant for respondents.

The method of direct interpretation of the word allows us to identify the lack of understanding by respondents of the internal form of the words “happiness” - “unhappiness”, the dominance of the oppositional idea of ​​​​happiness and unhappiness. In most answers, the concepts of “happiness” - “unhappiness” are presented interpretively, which is due to the inaccessibility of a direct interpretation of the denotations of abstract names.

The data from the associative experiments we conducted indicate the actualization in the minds of the subjects of the semantic features of the lexemes “happiness” - “misfortune”, as well as the personal nature of the concepts under study.

A number of directed associates – synonyms – actualize such semantic features of the lexeme “happiness” as “state” (joy – 22), “accident” (luck – 9, luck – 6). A number of directed associates – synonyms of the lexeme “misfortune” – actualize the signs of “state” (grief – 28), “eventfulness” (trouble – 14).

In a free associative experiment, the following signs come to the fore: happiness – “source” (mainly possession of something: social contacts, material goods) or “state and its external signs” (joy – 12, smile – 11, laughter – 5) ; misfortune – 'external signs', 'source' (loss of something, for example: illness - 13, loneliness - 8, death - 6, poverty - 6).

The number of single reactions - experiences of unhappiness is less than single reactions - experiences of happiness, but their spectrum is wider: joy - 12 and depression, boredom, melancholy - 3, apathy - 3, sadness - 3, suffering, grief - 2, fear - 2 , emptiness. Thus, the associative experiment confirms the idea of ​​more diverse shades of experiencing misfortune.

An association experiment allows us to identify some gender and age characteristics in the perception of the concepts under study.

In the perception of happiness, men over 30 are characterized by a focus on family values, external expressions of happiness; in the perception of misfortune - focus on emotional experiences. For men 30, happiness is associated with pleasure, satisfaction, unhappiness is realized in associations associated mainly with some negative events.

The answers received from the subjects - women under 30 years of age and after, in general, coincide. However, women under 30 are characterized by a personal, descriptive interpretation of happiness and unhappiness. Women over 30 are characterized by a laconic listing of factors, reasons for happiness or unhappiness in general, regardless of themselves.

The conducted lexical-semantic analysis of “happiness” – “unhappiness” allows us to identify the cognitive characteristics of the concepts under study. The distinctive features of happiness and unhappiness are their predestination and irrationality. The recipient of happiness/unhappiness is the person who bears the (un)happy lot.

Happiness and unhappiness are the object of evaluation, which determines the anthropocentricity of these concepts: happiness is “easy”, “blind”, “stupid”; on the other hand: “valuable”, “difficult”, “desirable”. In any case, happiness is a value that must be preserved. Misfortune is only “heavy”, “bitter”. The relationship between “happiness/unhappiness and a person” seems ambiguous: a person can act as an object of the influence of happiness/unhappiness or take an active position in relation to them.

Happiness and unhappiness are characterized by the intensity of their experience. In this case, the degree of external manifestation may vary.

On the basis of 'awareness - unconsciousness', happiness is characterized as conscious or unconscious; misfortune - often conscious due to the specificity of the main meaning: a tragic event that has already happened.

On the basis of 'reality - unreality', unhappiness is closer to the real world than happiness; happiness 2 (bliss, the highest, absolute degree of happiness) is closer to the world of “high”, and, therefore, unreal.

In the third chapter “Representation of the concepts “happiness” - “misfortune” in the syntactic structures of proverbs”

The features of the proverbial representation of the concepts “happiness” - “misfortune” are established, the compatibility of the lexemes “happiness” - “misfortune” is determined, and the syntactic structures characteristic of proverbs are identified. The definition of conceptually significant characteristics of happiness and unhappiness is supported by the informative and relevant division of the sentence - utterance.

A proverb is a stable, rhythmically and grammatically organized saying, in the form of a statement, which records the experience of the people and their assessment of certain life phenomena. Proverbs act as units of language and serve as a means of more vivid, figurative expression of thoughts in the process of communication. We believe that the stability and reproducibility of proverbs allows us to recognize them as part of phraseology. At the same time, the syntactic and content features of proverb expressions are the basis for their classification as a separate group of phraseological units.

Analysis of the paremiological material representing the concepts under study allows us to identify conceptually significant signs of happiness and unhappiness, one of which is interdependence: Happiness will go away,
it will bring a lot of troubles;
Happiness disappeared, there was nothing in the house. However, the proverbs
“If you are afraid of misfortune, you will never see happiness”, “If there were no happiness, then misfortune would help”, “Whoever has not known grief (need) does not know happiness”
testify in favor of unhappiness as a necessary condition for happiness.
Thus, unhappiness may not be the antipode of happiness: one event takes on meaning against the background of another. Happiness and unhappiness can not only have one source of origin, that is, be the result of division into parts, shares, but also be in close proximity to each other: Happiness and unhappiness are close neighbors; Happiness and misfortune live in the yard; Happiness and misfortune ride on the same sleigh
.

Analysis of proverbs allows us to establish interconceptual connections: misfortune - patience, happiness - money, happiness - work, happiness - envy, happiness - courage, etc.

In proverbs, the concepts “happiness” and “misfortune” can be represented by various lexemes. The lexemes “happiness - misfortune” can correlate with the lexemes “share” (“share” - “not share”), “part”, the lexeme “misfortune” correlates with the lexemes “trouble”, “parable”, “rock”, “misfortune”, which actualizes the predestination, the inevitability of happiness - unhappiness.

The lexeme “trouble” reflects the “multiplicity” of misfortune, its ability to rapidly increase: Trouble gives birth to trouble - the third one runs away; Misfortune rides upon misfortune, and chases misfortune with misfortune.

The lexemes “luck”, “will succeed”, “lucky” “talan”, “talented”, “case” actualize the uncontrollability of happiness, its absoluteness: If it succeeds - kvass,
if it fails - sour cabbage soup; The talented one will find it at sea; If you catch a chance by the hair, but if it slips away, you won’t catch it.