Many residents of the central zone or southern regions of Russia imagine the North as some kind of endless snowy expanses, where only the Chukchi roaming on reindeer live. In fact, this region is colorful and multifaceted. As do the approximately 40 peoples and ethnic groups that inhabit it. They all have their own customs, traditions, rituals, as well as a unique northern cuisine.
What do the different peoples inhabiting the Russian North eat, and what do their gastronomic preferences primarily depend on? This is discussed in this material.
What determines the gastronomic preferences of different northern peoples?
Harsh climatic conditions force many peoples of the North, who lead a traditional way of life that has been established for centuries, to completely trust the nature around them. Northerners often live off the natural resources available in their natural habitat. At the same time, these resources provide absolutely all the needs of people: housing, fuel, transport, clothing and, most importantly, food.
Indigenous people of Yamal / Photo: 56thparallel.com
The indigenous northerners get their food from both livestock raising and hunting wild animals, fishing, as well as collecting delicacies and “semi-finished products” - wild plants and roots, bird eggs, algae and shellfish.
Thus, the diet of the peoples of the North directly depends on long-term traditions passed down from generation to generation and the natural resources of their habitat. What do residents of different northern regions of Russia eat?
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2010-03-12 12:04:15 + Comment
Taiga zone of Central Siberia and Sayan
The main indigenous inhabitants of the taiga zone of Central Siberia are 2 Tungus-speaking peoples - Evens and Evenks. And if most Evens live “compactly” in the Far Eastern regions, then the habitat of the Evenks is wider. They live in the vast expanses of the Siberian taiga from the Taimyr Peninsula to Sakhalin. Moreover, by and large, the economy of both of these peoples is quite similar.
Modern Evenks / Photo: pinterest.com
Reindeer helped both Evens and Evenkis settle and live very successfully in such wide taiga expanses. However, unlike residents of more northern tundra regions, reindeer herders of the Siberian taiga are fed not so much by deer as by the surrounding nature. Ungulates play the role of “standard” transport in these regions - Evens and Evenkis most often ride them.
However, one of the most “strategic” for the residents of these regions is the product that they receive from their animals - reindeer milk. From the Sayan Mountains and further south, in the herds of nomadic shepherds, in addition to deer, horses, goats, sheep, cows, yaks, and even camels begin to predominate. Like their northern neighbors, “southerners” also widely use animal milk in cooking.
A woman prepares “suttet-tsai” / Photo: russiadiscovery.com
Milk is consumed in different ways. It is frozen or boiled to a thick jelly. Cheese is made from milk, which is then eaten with “suttet-tsai” - milk tea. Also, when boiling, local berries and herbs are added to the milk: cloudberries, wild garlic, wild onions, moss, etc. Naturally, the kitchen cannot do without meat obtained from hunting. Traditionally it is roasted over a fire or boiled.
Among the parts of game, brains, kidneys and tongue are considered delicacies among the inhabitants of this Siberian taiga region. Previously, local people quite often ate them raw, but now they still prefer preliminary heat treatment. Fish caught in numerous rivers and lakes is prepared in the same way as meat.
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2010-03-10 12:05:53 + Comment
Lapland
Lapland is an area that covers the northern European territories of Norway, Sweden, Finland, as well as the Russian part of the Kola Peninsula. The main indigenous people living in Lapland are the Sami. Or, as they used to be called in Russia, “Lapps”. The main sources of food for this people were collecting edible berries, mushrooms and roots, as well as hunting, fishing and reindeer herding.
Sami of Lapland. Beginning of the 20th century / Photo: uarctic.org
The Sami's methods of preparing meat and fish are the same as those of the inhabitants of the Siberian taiga. In addition, venison and fish were often dried here and used as natural “canned food” on long hunting trips. About a century and a half ago, Europeans brought flour here. Since then, the Sami consider it almost “their dish” and always use it as a batter for frying fish and meat.
Since real flour is still in short supply here, the locals have learned to make it from pine sapwood. The dried fruit was crushed and added to flour. Often this “powder” was used instead of flour. Herbal teas can be considered a traditional drink of the Sami. Often tea was also made from dried chaga mushrooms. Locals consider it tonic and general strengthening for the whole body.
Almost all northern peoples have tea as their main drink / Photo: dailymail.co.uk
Bear meat was a real delicacy for the Sami. Like venison, it was fried, boiled, dried and dried. In ancient times, the hunter who killed the “clubfoot” had the honor of being the first to eat the most delicious part of the carcass, in the opinion of the Sami – raw bear liver. Deer tongue and bone marrow were also eaten raw.
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2010-03-18 12:04:56 + Comment
Taiga zone of the Far East south of Chukotka
Despite the fact that these territories are inhabited mainly by reindeer herding peoples, one of the most popular food products here is fish. It is eaten both fried or boiled, and pickled. This fish is prepared in the same way as “surströmming” in Sweden. Naturally, not every visitor or tourist will be able to eat or even try such a delicacy. But for locals, pickled fish is a completely ordinary product.
Many northern peoples dry or dry fish / Photo: culturalsurvival.org
Another fish delicacy, yukola, is much more popular. This is a dried fish fillet. By the way, venison is often used as a “raw material” for yukola. Yukola is eaten both as a separate dish and as a “meat dressing” for broths.
On the Pacific coast, the peoples living in this region have for centuries been significantly dependent on passing marine fish for food, as well as mammals that live in coastal waters. Thus, among the Nivkhs, one of the delicacies, and even in some cases a ritual dish, was “mos” or “mos” - a fatty, rich jelly made from fish skin. The Nivkhs also widely consumed the meat of marine mammals: seals and whales.
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2010-03-29 12:08:31 + Comment
Chukotka
One of the most famous dishes of the peoples inhabiting Chukotka is fermented meat. In Chukchi it is called "kymgyt", but most people know it by its Eskimo name - "kopalkhen". Despite the claim that it is supposedly “rotten meat,” copalchen is most likely fermented meat. The above-mentioned Swedish “surströmming” is prepared in approximately the same way. And in Russia - “Pechora” or “Zyryansky” fish salting.
The Inuit divide the kopalchen among families. Canada, 1999 / Photo: ncl.ac.uk
Naturally, without habit one can hardly even try such a dish. Although locals and even many tourists enjoy eating copalchen. Rumors about its “deadliness” for those unaccustomed to it are most likely exaggerated - you can hardly die from a small piece of such fermented meat. The maximum that a tourist can expect after tasting copalchen is an upset stomach. Unless, of course, the gag reflex allows you to swallow even a piece of this “delicacy”.
In addition to kopalchen, the main “suppliers of provisions” for the indigenous inhabitants of Chukotka have always been deer and marine mammals. Moreover, the harsh conditions taught the locals to use food supplies to the maximum. Everything was eaten here: skin, bone marrow, tendons and other parts of animal carcasses. Among the “best-of-the-best” delicacies of the peoples of Chukotka one can highlight “vilmullirilkyril” (a soup made from the offal and blood of a deer), “mantak” (whale fat with skin), and also raw seal eyes.
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2010-03-09 12:03:11 + Comment
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Dreiser Quotes
Prepared by: Dmitry Sirotkin
I present to you a selection of quotes from the American writer Theodore Dreiser (1871 - 1945).
It is still popular here, but has been forgotten in its homeland , America.
Quotes are summarized by topic: people, relationships, women, human manifestations, life, wealth, love, public opinion, words, mother, happiness, success, attraction, morality, marriage, change, separation, dreams, art.
About people
In moments of highest tension, a person grows most noticeably.
They are born, live and die without understanding anything in life. They appear, wander at random and disappear into the darkness.
Human nature, regardless of climate and all other conditions, is the same everywhere.
The most hopeless thing in the world is to try to accurately determine the character of a person. Each personality is a tangle of contradictions, and even more so a gifted personality.
Our civilization is still in the middle of its journey. We are no longer animals, because in our actions we are guided not only by instinct, but we are also not entirely human, because we are guided not only by the voice of reason.
A person becomes too wise to always listen to the voice of instincts and desires, but he is still too weak to always defeat them.
The man knows absolutely nothing. Neither in religion, nor in philosophy, nor in science can one find an answer to the riddle that is called life. Here is a tiny, faintly flickering world of human thought. And what is behind him, above him?
Almost all people are stupid from birth. They live as they deserve, and are not good for anything better.
Behind every pulse beat there is an equilibrium price - you are exactly what you believe in and with whom you are worth.
It's not a matter of age. Everyone gets old. The point is who looks at life how.
By the way, quotes about people
About relationships
It’s simply amazing how much you can achieve from a person if you pay due attention to his tastes, weaknesses, and desires.
Soul kinship is a strange phenomenon. It easily brings people together against their consciousness and will.
In the relationship between a man and a woman, the most difficult and painful moments are when mutual affection is sacrificed to external circumstances, so far from the strength and beauty of the feeling itself.
In order for a person to have any joy in the short part of the journey allotted to him, he must think and make plans to improve the situation not only for himself, but also for others, since the joy he experiences depends on how much he rejoices for others and how much others rejoice for him.
One person outgrows another. People's views change—hence changes in relationships. As for moral principles, some have them, while others don’t, and nothing can be done about it.
Changes in character and temperament inevitably entail changes in relationships. True, some are held back by dogma, others by fear. But there are people in whom the voice of nature sounds powerfully, and for such there is neither dogma nor fear. Society raises its hands to the sky in horror. But from century to century women such as Helena, Messalina, DuBarry, Pompadour, Maintenon and Nell Gwyn appear, pointing the way to greater freedom in relationships between men and women than was previously considered permissible.
About women
Of all living beings, women are most afraid of women, and especially of smart and beautiful ones.
She was ready to make everyone her slave, to put her beauty on a spit and languish in the juice of love torment.
No, before something terrible happens, it's better to quickly spend all the money on dresses!
The desire to be under reliable protection, to become the subject of tender care, to meet sympathy in everything is an integral feature of the female character. And if natural emotionality is mixed into this, then it can be difficult for a woman to refuse a man, and therefore it seems to her that she is in love.
Literature, not to mention the classics, gives us an idea of only one type of mistress: the crafty, calculating temptress, whose main pleasure is to lure men into her network. Journalists and authors of modern pamphlets on moral issues support the same version with extraordinary zeal. One might think that God established censorship over life, and appointed extreme conservatives as censors. Meanwhile, there are love affairs that have nothing to do with cold prudence.
In the overwhelming majority of cases, women are alien to guile and deception. An ordinary woman, obeying the voice of feeling and deeply, truly loving, is incapable of deceit, just like a small child; she is always ready to sacrifice herself and strives to give as much as possible.
By the way, quotes about women
About human manifestations
Man has the happy ability to hate from the bottom of his heart those to whom he has done the most harm.
Everyone seeks pleasure for themselves, without thinking at all about the possibility of sad consequences for others.
Nothing is real and eternal except kindness, heartfelt human kindness. Everything else is transitory, like a dream.
Truthfulness is the breath of life, it is the basis of all dignity.
A person’s thoughts amazingly color all his actions.
It is difficult to have an idea of what we have not seen, to feel what we ourselves have not experienced.
He again assured himself that he needed to put an end to it, and this internal debate lasted ad infinitum.
It is very foolish not to take advantage of any tool that will help you become what you want to become.
Nowadays, people don’t gossip only about those about whom there is nothing to say.
About life
In the end, the most important thing in life is life itself.
Life is truly beautiful only when there is tragedy in it.
Life is a game, and whether we like it or not, we have to participate in it.
Life is learned from books and works of art, perhaps even more than from life itself.
Life cannot be squeezed into any framework, and people should once and for all give up such attempts.
In the end, life is very much like a farce. A stupid comedy, and nothing more. The only thing you can do is to preserve your “I”.
Life is a fight. If you want to get something, you have to fight for it.
By the way, quotes about life
About wealth
Half of a person's wealth lies in his ability to get along with the right people.
It must be admitted that no one boasts more about the external manifestations of wealth than someone who has recently acquired this wealth.
If a person is rich, he resembles a cat with a bell around his neck. Each mouse knows exactly where he is and what he is doing.
Who wouldn't agree to grieve while sitting in a golden chair?
So life, having elevated a person to the pinnacle of well-being, continues to tease and torment him there. There is always something unattainable ahead, eternal temptation and eternal dissatisfaction.
By the way, quotes about money
About love
Sadly, it must be admitted that most love unions cannot withstand the onslaught of everyday storms, and only true love - a complete organic fusion of two beings - is able to withstand everything, but it usually ends in a tragic ending.
Don't laugh at the pain of unrequited love. Jealousy has an icy embrace, tenacious as the embrace of death.
I loved you. And now I love it. This is what I also wanted to tell you. It seems strange, but besides you, I have never truly loved a single woman. We shouldn't have separated.
By the way, quotes about love
About public opinion
People think about us what we want them to think.
Price yourself cheaply - they will neglect you, they will trample you underfoot. Value yourself highly, even if not according to your merits, and you will be respected. Society as a whole is remarkably poor at understanding people. His only criterion is “What others will say.”
The only thing I don't like about you is your eternal: "What will people say." “People” don’t build your life. And even more so, mine. Think about yourself first. You must arrange your own life. Will you really allow what others think to come between you and your desire?
About words
Words are just small links that connect big feelings and aspirations that we don’t talk about out loud.
Words are just pale shadows of the countless thoughts that swarm in our heads.
People in general attach too much importance to words. They think that words are always extremely effective. In fact, words usually have very little persuasiveness. They only vaguely convey those deep, violent feelings and desires that are hidden behind them. And the heart listens only when the tongue stops bothering it.
By the way, quotes about speech and words
About mother
A mother's love is omnipotent, primitive, selfish, and at the same time selfless. It doesn't depend on anything!
Every home rests primarily on the mother - but they understand this only when the end is already near.
Parents are usually confident that they know their children very well, and time only strengthens them in this misconception.
By the way, quotes about mom
Oh happiness
The goal must be happiness, otherwise the fire will not burn brightly enough, the driving force will not be strong enough - and success will not be complete.
Every person strives for one thing: to be as happy as possible. Life has other tasks, in any case, it cares very little about the well-being of individuals.
By the way, quotes about happiness
About success
One word from a rich person is often enough for a business to succeed. No money, no guarantees, no specific security is needed - nothing, just his word.
A person must build a career for himself, otherwise his destiny is a dull and joyless existence on the margins of someone else’s success.
By the way, quotes about success
About attraction
Sensual attraction has such power that it can triumph over both reason and will.
In strong natures, the attraction to a woman usually does not fade away, and is sometimes only suppressed by stoic abstinence.
About morality
There are storms in life in which ordinary maps and compasses of moral criteria become useless.
Humanity is besotted with religion, whereas one must learn to live from life, and a professional moralist, at best, fabricates a cheap commodity.
About marriage
The union of two people must be based on a strong desire to live together, and on nothing else.
Only strong love can make up for those minor misunderstandings that arise when living together.
By the way, quotes about marriage and weddings
About change
The seed of any life change is difficult to comprehend, because it is deeply rooted in the person himself.
The road down has few stops.
About separation
Sometimes you leave because you really really want to stay.
In the simple expression “I’m leaving” lies a whole world of feelings that cannot find an outlet.
About dreams
How scary dreams look when they come true.
Dreams are lost. Reality is mocking.
By the way, quotes about dreams
About art
Art is a powerful means of correcting human imperfections.
Art is the nectar of the soul, collected in labor and pain.
By the way, quotes about art
About miscellaneous
Apart from love, travel brings us the most joy and consolation.
Any popularity has a great attractive force.
I despise lack of taste, this is the biggest crime.
Politics is not a bed of roses on which you can rest until the end of time, if you have already laid down on it once.
Woe to the one who gives his heart to illusion - this only reality on earth, but woe to the one who does not do this. One will face disappointment and pain, the other – belated regrets.
We consider ourselves individuals, standing outside and even above the influence of our homes and things; but between them and us there is a subtle connection, due to which things reflect us to the same extent as we reflect them. People and things mutually impart to each other their dignity, their refinement and strength: beauty or its opposite, like a shuttle on a machine, scurries from one to another.
There is something unchangeable in the world, whose name is beauty; she can be dressed in the rags of a philosopher and in the silks and satins of a spoiled coquette.
As you can see, although Dreiser is especially famous for his novels about business people, the quotes given are increasingly about relationships, women, love, and human manifestations.
Quotes about Dreiser
- C. Chaplin: This is a kind man, seething with anger. (by the way, quotes from Charlie Chaplin)
- M. Cowley: Dreiser is a “raw” genius, not refined and not supported by talent, but a genius. He is our great primitive!
- S. Anderson: When Dreiser leaves, we will write books, many books. The books we write will contain all the qualities that Dreiser lacked. We will have a sense of humor, but everyone knows that Dreiser has no sense of humor. Moreover, we will have grace, lightness of stroke, dreams of beauty breaking through the shell of life. Yes, those who follow Dreiser will have many things that he did not have. The miracle and beauty of Dreiser is that we will have all this thanks to him.
- W. Faulkner: Sherwood Anderson was the father of my generation of American writers. His work is a wonderful legacy that we must preserve. It has not yet been fully appreciated. Dreiser is his older brother, and I would call the father of both of them Mark Twain.
- S. Lewis: Following his lonely path, Dreiser, generally misunderstood and often hated, did more than anyone else for many American writers, freeing American literature from Victorian and Howellsian timidity and pretentiousness and setting it on the path of honesty, courage and passion. images of life.
- G. Mencken: He was a great artist; no other American of his generation left such a lasting and beautiful mark on our national literature. American literature before and after his time is almost as different as biology before and after Darwin.
- R. Lingeman: His portraits and his analysis of our society are as topical now as they were 70 years ago. This is the story of how the famous American dream can turn into a nightmare.
Then you can move on to other collections:
- Mark Twain quotes
- London quotes
- Hemingway quotes
- Rockefeller quotes
- Kuprin quotes
- Bunin quotes
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