Wise sayings about behavior and actions

Quotes about behavior and actions

Human feelings are often more excited or softened by examples than by words. P. Abelard

The highest act is to put others before yourself. W. Blake

Modern homo sapiens often lack action, because doing good is always difficult and troublesome. Yu. Bondarev

Manners reveal one's morals, just as a dress reveals one's waist. F. Bacon

Setting a good example is just as good as following it. F. Bacon

Rules of conduct are the translation of virtue into common language. F. Bacon

You need to know when to act and when to refrain from acting. Action and inaction in these circumstances are akin and by no means contradict each other. M. Gandhi

A person is nothing more than a series of his actions. G. Hegel

Only by actions do we judge internal movements, thoughts, actions, and other feelings. K. Helvetius

Only by the actions of people can society judge their virtue. K. Helvetius

The justice of our judgments and our actions is nothing more than a successful coincidence of our interest with the public. K. Helvetius

Beliefs are instilled by theory, behavior is shaped by example. A. I. Herzen

Every external decency has its internal foundations. I. Goethe

By treating our neighbors the way they deserve, we only make them worse. By treating them as if they were better than what they really are, we force them to become better. I. Goethe

Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows their own appearance. I. Goethe

The ability is assumed in advance, but it must become a skill. I. Goethe

Both evil and good - everyone receives reward for their actions. I. Goethe

A person is the process of his actions. A. Gramsci

Actions are the fruits of thoughts. If there are reasonable thoughts, there will be good deeds. B. Gracian

Right reasoning leads to right action; Rightness of mind leads to justice of heart. V. Hugo

Not out of fear, but out of a sense of duty, one should refrain from bad deeds. Democritus

Your words are beautiful, from the heart - your actions would be better! A. Jami

Example is always more powerful than preaching. S. Johnson

Wisdom is knowing what to do next; virtue is the action itself. D. Jordan

If culture is not in people’s hearts, then it cannot exist anywhere else. J. Duhamel

Good intentions are nothing if they are not translated into good deeds. J. Joubert

The beauty of an act lies, first of all, in the fact that it is performed easily and as if without any stress. I. Kant

The more habits a person has, the less free and independent he is. I. Kant

I prefer not to receive a reward for a brave deed, rather than go unpunished for a bad one. Cato the Elder

Every bad deed carries within itself a whip for the back of its culprit. V. O. Klyuchevsky

To respect every person as ourselves, and to treat him as we wish to be treated—there is nothing higher than this. Confucius

An example is more powerful than a threat. P. Corneille

Vulgarity is a misconception about the art of living. M. Creighton

You can give another reasonable advice, but you cannot teach him reasonable behavior. F. La Rochefoucauld

It is more difficult to behave with dignity when fate is favorable than when it is hostile. F. La Rochefoucauld

Only what has become part of culture, everyday life, and habits should be considered achieved. V. I. Lenin

A person is judged not by what he says or thinks about himself, but by what he does. V. I. Lenin

The impotence of logical conclusions is always reinforced by excessive temperament. L. M. Leonov

We judge ourselves by our ability to accomplish, while others judge us by what we have already accomplished. G. Longfellow

Impoliteness between equals is unsightly, but on the part of a superior it is tyranny. Lope de Vega

The best way to cheer yourself up is to cheer someone else up. Mark Twain

One must judge a person based mainly on his everyday actions, observing his daily existence. M. Montaigne

Most people are capable of great deeds rather than good deeds. C. Montesquieu

In a good deed there is always both kindness and strength to perform it. C. Montesquieu

Doesn't freeing oneself from observing the rules of decency mean looking for means to freely display one's shortcomings? C. Montesquieu

All the rules of decent behavior have long been known, the only thing that remains is the ability to use them. B. Pascal

Referring to the bad deeds of others is washing yourself with dirt. J. Petit-San

Every action is preceded by reflection; an individual thinks for several hours or minutes; society has been in thought for decades. D. I. Pisarev

To do bad things is low, to do good when it is not associated with danger is a common thing. A good person is one who does great and noble things, even if he risks everything. Plutarch

Everyday life is a tired concept; we need to refresh it, reveal its content as a culture of personal relationships. M. M. Prishvin

Mutual benevolence is the closest kinship. Publilius Syrus

Evil actions should be avoided out of hatred for them, and not out of fear. Publilius Syrus

To live in friendship with those you live with constantly, you need to behave with them as if you see each other only once every three months. J. Renard

The essence of vulgarity is the desire for sensation. D. Ruskin

One of the advantages of good actions is that they elevate the soul and predispose it to even better deeds. J.-J. Rousseau

A bad deed torments us not when it has just been committed, but when, after a long time, we remember it, because the memory of it does not fade. J.-J. Rousseau

Life is a duty if it is full. Let us measure it by actions, not by time. Seneca the Younger

It is difficult to lead to good with moral teachings, easy by example. Seneca the Younger

A person can recognize his abilities only by trying to apply them in practice. Seneca the Younger

Misdemeanor, although it may cause temporary well-being, never brings true happiness. W. Scott

Looseness in manners always entails looseness in principles. S. Smiles

A person is what he becomes when left alone with himself. The true human essence is expressed in him when his actions are driven not by someone, but by his own conscience. V. A. Sukhomlinsky

In our judgments of people, we must be careful not to attach great importance to random actions. Through random good deeds, weak people want to regain their own respect, while vain people want to elevate themselves in the eyes of society. G. Taylor

To say that I cannot make an effort to refrain from doing something bad is the same as admitting that I am not a person, not even an animal, but a thing. L. N. Tolstoy

You can always recognize yourself in every person and his actions. L. N. Tolstoy

A good deed is always done with effort, but when the effort is repeated several times, the same deed becomes more habitual. L. N. Tolstoy

If you wait for the minute when everything, absolutely everything, is ready, you will never have to start. I. S. Turgenev

The real properties of a person are revealed only when the time comes to demonstrate and prove them in practice. L. Feuerbach

Communication ennobles and elevates; in society, a person involuntarily, without any pretense, behaves differently than in solitude. L. Feuerbach

We call some people savages just because their manners are different from ours. B. Franklin

It is in the nature of many people to think intelligently but act foolishly. A. France

People live by actions, not by ideas. A. France

The actions of wise people are dictated by the mind, the less intelligent people - by experience, the most ignorant - by necessity, animals - by nature. Cicero

It is action that gives virtue its true value and dignity. Cicero

All people judge us by our appearance and manners, and only a few by our spiritual qualities. F. Chesterfield

If a person is inattentive to what he is doing now, no matter what his business may be, if, being busy with it, he thinks about something else at that moment or takes on two things at once, you can rest assured that this person is frivolous and petty. F. Chesterfield

A dirty fly can stain the entire wall, and a small dirty act can ruin the whole thing. A. P. Chekhov

Well-mannered people respect the human personality, and therefore are always condescending, gentle, polite, and compliant A. P. Chekhov

In serious matters people show themselves as they should appear; in the little things - as they are. N. Chamfort

Ethics is an infinitely expanded responsibility towards all living things. A. Schweitzer

Doubts are traitors: they make us afraid of trying, they deprive us of the good that we could often acquire. W. Shakespeare

The destructiveness of a bad act lies in the fact that it conceals within itself the germ of new abominations. F. Schiller

A person is reflected in his actions. F. Schiller

People imagine that they reveal their vices and virtues only in their actions, not seeing that both vice and virtue make themselves known every moment through their breath. R. Emerson

Good manners consist of small sacrifices. R. Emerson

Culture and external gloss are completely different things. R. Emerson

Grace is needed not in the arts alone, but in all human affairs. Erasmus of Rotterdam

DEVIANTOLOGY – A NEW “CRAZY” THEORY

“We are flying on an uncrewed plane to an airport that has not yet been designed...”

This was said by Zygmunt Bauman in his lecture “Fluid Modernity: A View from 2011.”

Modern society is a “risk society”, a “catastrophic society”.

“We must run as fast as we can in order to stay where we once stopped,” wrote the father of cybernetics, N. Winner.

Many people cannot understand what is happening. But it is important to at least understand “that you cannot understand what you do not understand,” said N. Luhmann.

A new, “crazy” theory is needed that can understand the incomprehensible.

DEVIANTOLOGY could be such a new “crazy” theory. I asked its founder in Russia, Doctor of Law, Professor Yakov Ilyich Gilinsky, to talk about the new science.

Recently, Yakov Ilyich Gilinsky gave me the 3rd edition of his monograph “Deviantology: the sociology of crime, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide and other “deviations.” On page 175 of the book, he mentions me as a researcher of deviant behavior.

During my student years, under the leadership of Ya.I. Gilinsky, I studied the deviant behavior of young people and, in particular, informal youth associations. We conducted research both in Leningrad and in other cities of the Union. In total, I published about 40 scientific papers.

My article “Problems of studying informal youth groups” was published in the academic journal “Sociological Research” No. 1 for 1991. On April 6, 1990, the weekly “Arguments and Facts” published my article “Who is going informal” on the front page. It was translated in Japan.

I had already started writing my dissertation, but... in the end I wrote a research novel, “Strange Strange Stranger, Strange Stranger,” where I outlined my scientific views and disputes with my teacher.

Having read with interest the monograph by Ya.I. Gilinsky “Deviantology”, I would like to give a few quotes from it. The author is far from the idea of imposing his beliefs on readers. “Every judgment I have expressed must be understood not as a statement, but as a question” (Niels Bohr).

The illusions of the Enlightenment and faith in human reason have failed. As are the illusions of the Modern era, based on faith in democracy, freedom and progress.

“The belief that there is only one truth and that it has already been comprehended seems to me the main cause of all evil on Earth,” said M. Born.

Professor Ya.I. Gilinsky believes that to explain the absurd world, an “absurd” theory is needed.

The world is becoming more and more unstable.

We need to get rid of the illusion that it is possible to control everything.

Gradually the understanding comes that “humanity has already exhausted the potential of its development that it received at the end of the previous stage of anthropogenesis... The possibilities of the order that has existed for millennia have already been exhausted.”

All this led to the need to change the scientific paradigm.

“Modern concepts, including postmodernism, argue that social “reality itself is deviant,” and therefore “one should be interested in deviance itself, and not rationality,” “the phenomenon of deviation is the integral future of society,” “deviance is the future of modernity.”

Pierre Bourdieu believes that “The basis of law is nothing other than arbitrariness.”

“Attempts to construct an artificial order in accordance with an ideal goal are doomed to failure.” (Z. Bauman).

“We must give up hopes associated with the illusion of control.”

“Institutions designed to correct behavior actually reproduce deviations...”

Deviations can be not only destructive to society, but also useful.

The starting point for understanding deviation is the concept of the norm as the limits of what is permissible.

The norm can be understood as the most common, average, typical.

Also, the norm can be understood as a functional optimum: what is normal and adequate for one person (for example, body temperature is 37 degrees), for another it is abnormal and a sign of a disease.

Every norm is relative. “What counts as a deviation depends on time and place; behavior that is “normal” under one set of cultural attitudes will be regarded as “deviant” under another.” (Giddens E.)

A social norm can either correspond to the laws of social development or be the result of a distorted understanding of reality.

It happens that the current norm itself may be abnormal, and deviations from it are constructive and positive for society.

In the mass consciousness, deviance is associated with negative phenomena.

However, there is not a single behavioral act that would be “deviant” in itself, in its content, regardless of the social context.

What is normal for one society or subculture is not normal for others.

For example, “criminal” drug use in our country is not considered a crime in the Netherlands. Our legal consumption of alcohol is illegal in the countries of the Muslim world. Prostitution in Amsterdam is a completely legal activity. And in the UAE you can be executed for prostitution.

“If someone walks the streets and points at everything with his middle finger, they will think that he has gone crazy, but if he points with his index finger, then no.” This is what Diogenes said. Seeing how the priests were leading the boy who had stolen the cup from the temple, Diogenes exclaimed: “Big thieves are chasing the small ones!”

All existing manifestations of deviance are functional. “Everything that is real is rational,” Hegel believed.

Deviant behavior can have both negative and positive meanings for society.

The positive serves as a means of developing the system - this is social creativity.

Negative (crime, terrorism, corruption, etc.) – disorganizes the system and contributes to its destruction.

Ya.I. Gilinsky believes that there is symmetry in deviations: when the number of positive deviations corresponds to the number of negative deviations.

Crime is not a disease itself, but an indicator of deeper social ills.

70% of the country's population are virtually excluded from active social life.

Russia ranks first in the world in alcohol consumption.

“Order and disorder coexist as two aspects of one whole and give us a different vision of the world” (Prigozhin I. “Philosophy of Instability”)

It is deviations as a general form of change that ensures “mobile equilibrium” (Le Chatelier) or “stable disequilibrium” (E. Bauer) of the system, its preservation, stability through changes.

But the change itself can be either evolutionary (improvement) or involutionary.

“The presence and constant preservation of crime in society is impossible without recognizing that crime performs a certain social function, serves as a form of either regulatory or adaptive (adaptive) reaction to social processes, phenomena, institutions” (A.M. Yakovlev, “Sociology of Crime” ")

Criminal connections and relations of economic crime “arise where and to the extent that the objective need for organization and coordination of economic activity is not adequately reflected in the organizational and normative structure of the economy as a social institution.” (A.M. Yakovlev)

A.M. Yakovlev believes that the functions of organized economic crime are “to provide illegally with an objective need that is not adequately satisfied by normal social institutions.”

The hidden functions of deviant behavior are as follows: it is an “outlet” for aggressive tendencies, an “escape” or a safe “valve”; a warning signal of imminent social change; an effective means of social change, etc.

The founder of new science in Russia, Ya.I. Gilinsky, believes:

Deviantology is a science that studies social deviations (deviance) and society's reaction to them (social control).

In a broad sense, this is the science of those deviations that, according to Lucretius, were a necessary condition for development.

In the future, deviantology may become a more general theory of deviations in nature and society (at the physical, biological, social levels of the organization of the universe).

The fact is that deviations are inherent in all levels and forms of organization of the universe. In physics and chemistry, deviations are called fluctuations, in biology - mutations, in sociology and psychology - deviations.

The existence of each system (physical, biological, social) is a dynamic state, the unity of the processes of conservation and change.

Deviations serve as a mechanism of variability, and consequently, the existence and development of each system.

Without deviations, “nature could never give birth to anything,” and the “products” of nature cannot change (develop) without deviation.

The absence of deviations of the system means its non-existence, death.

The higher the level of organization of the system, the more dynamic its existence and the more important changes become as a means of preserving the system.

Instability becomes a source of order.

Biological and social systems are characterized by a transition from homeostasis (maintaining a stable state) to homeoresis (maintaining changes).

Deviance is a breakthrough of total life activity through (through) social form.

Deviantology as a science is based on the following basic methodological principles:

1\ The principle of universality of the laws of the universe.

There is a need to combine studies of inanimate and living nature and society, studying them from the point of view of the universal laws of the universe.

Deviance here appears as an other being of the universal laws of self-motion of matter, as a modification, additional development of the fundamental properties of the universe.

2\ The principle of universality of general scientific methods of cognition of reality.

3\ The principle of the relativity of knowledge. Any knowledge about any subject of reality is relative, incomplete, limited.

Karl Popper wrote: “It must be recognized that at any given moment our scientific theories depend not only on the experiments, etc., carried out up to that moment, but also on premises that we accept without proof, i.e. we accept without realizing them... Scientific results are “relative” ... only insofar as they are the results of a certain stage of scientific development and are subject to displacement in the course of scientific progress.”

4\ The principle of complementarity, which was formulated by Niels Bohr.

Only contradictory, mutually exclusive concepts taken together can sufficiently fully describe the object being studied.

Organization and disorganization are inextricably linked, one cannot exist without the other, and deviations are not only harmful, but also useful from the point of view of the survival and development of the system.

Deviant behavior is essentially conditional and contradictory. What some call terrorism, others call the struggle for self-determination. It often turns out that a recognized terrorist is then recognized as the head of state.

The level of negative deviant behavior correlates with the level of positive one. The more space there is for social activity, the less various forms of so-called “withdrawal” (into drunkenness, drug addiction, suicide).

The level of crime, drug addiction and suicide is an indicator of the disorganization of the social organism. At the same time, the crime rate is a manifestation of the functional optimum of a particular social system. In a so-called “free society” this level is high and corresponds to the level of freedom. In a totalitarian society, the crime rate is low.

In "close-knit communities" crime is relatively low. For example, in the UAE there is almost no crime, and there are almost no suicides.

Disorganization of the social body, expressed in crime, is not a manifestation of instability, but rather of the cyclical nature of society, when the time of instability (change) is just a transition to a new stability.

But stability itself (which some politicians so advocate for) is the death of the social organism. There is no development outside of dynamics!

Crime, drug addiction, suicide are as normal manifestations of the functioning of the social system as floods.

Aristotle said: “People lead such a lifestyle as need forces them to lead.”

Thus, deviant (deviant) behavior is not an anomaly. This is rather the other side of life, the shadow of legal processes.

Deviant behavior is a manifestation of natural fluctuations and the cyclical nature of natural processes.

The cyclical nature of nature is also expressed in the cyclical nature of processes occurring in society: in the cyclical nature of history, in the cyclical manifestations of deviant behavior.

The seasonal nature of crime and suicide has long been noted. For example, the peak of rape occurs in the summer, and suicides most often occur in the spring. It is also noted that the increase in violent crimes is associated with solar activity.

The cyclical nature of natural processes is much more complex than the change of seasons or the change of day and night. What seems linear to us is only the visible part of a complex curve that has more than three dimensions. It is possible that the famous spiral of development is closed in nature and has a complex rotation around its own axis.

Everything repeats itself, as the ancients said, “literally,” but we cannot see it, since these repetition cycles are very long in time.

The concept of “deviant behavior” is conventional. Such concepts as Chaos and Space are also conditional. Chaos in our understanding is the absence of ordered processes (disorganization), while Space is an organized space. But such a division is based on a certain understanding of the processes taking place. What we do not see or do not understand is Chaos for us.

Deviant behavior as deviation has much in common with fluctuations that occur in nature at the level of the macro and micro world.

The processes occurring in the microworld, which quantum theory speaks about, are not chaotic processes. It has been noticed that the electron does not move along a random trajectory, but chooses it, that is, “thinks”. Hence the concept of a “thinking electron”.

The concept of “attractors” is also an expression of the non-randomness of the choice of movement trajectory.

Thus, chaotic (that is, seemingly random) processes occurring in the microcosm are not random, but are still unknown in their regularity.

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle operates not only at the level of elementary particles, but also at the level of the individual and at the level of society.

Deviant behavior is subject to general patterns. For example, the Gaussian normal distribution (the famous “bell”) illustrates in a two-dimensional projection: the more dangerous a particular type of deviant behavior is, the less common it is, and vice versa.

When I studied deviant behavior in informal youth groups, I learned from ethologists that such a phenomenon as teenage groups also occurs in nature. Flocks of young juveniles behaving provocatively in a flock are observed among birds and animals. Young individuals, mostly males, unite in groups to resist the dictates of adults.

Feeling it is impossible to fight alone, teenagers unite in groups, instilling fear in ordinary people, which gives teenagers a sense of their own importance. They have not yet understood and figured out where the truth is and where the lie is, and therefore they are in dire need of life guidelines. This encourages young people to seek the truth, speaking out against the hypocrisy of society that disorients them in the world.

The laws of nature are universal, so deviant behavior should be considered as a natural process. It is necessary not to invent legal laws, but to formulate them on the basis of the laws of human behavior. Laws need to be discovered, not invented!

On November 14, 2013, a round table “Deviantology yesterday, today, tomorrow” was held at the Department of Criminal Law of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg Pedagogical University named after Herzen.

Scientists and specialists from various research centers and universities across the country took part in discussing the problems of drug addiction, prostitution, crime, alcoholism, and cybercrime.

The most difficult one is the problem of social control. The current penal system is not effective in terms of crime prevention and prevention.

The main question: is deviance beneficial or harmful?

Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor Komlev Yu.Yu. from Kazan made a report “The Tree of Deviantological Knowledge: From Positivism to Postmodern Synthesis.” He gave me his book “Theories of Deviant Behavior.”

Gradually, the norm is perceived as deviation, and deviation as the norm. Deviation can become the norm, and the norm can become a deviation. What was deviant yesterday becomes the norm today.

The most striking example is homosexuality and same-sex families.

There is even a fashion for deviants. Deviation and protest are used as the new fashion.

Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor Kleiberg Yu.A. made a report “Hermeneutics of deviance and the problem of preserving identity.”

Why does a criminal adapt to modern society better than a normal law-abiding citizen?

Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor Khagurov T.A. (from Krasnodar) made a presentation: “Adam syndrome: evil in man and ways to combat it.” Temyr gave me his book “The Disappearing Man.”

Is deviant behavior irrational or rational?

The prevalence of deviation is not yet a basis for recognizing it as a norm. So the prevalence of Down's disease is not a basis for recognizing its normality.

Are such concepts as “good” and “evil” relative or the result of social construction?

Socrates believed that reason is the main thing in man, and desires are his animal nature.

The sophists believed, on the contrary, that reason is only a tool for servicing animal desires in man.

Candidate of Sociological Sciences Kostyukovsky Y.V. (St. Petersburg) made a report “Deviance on the Internet.”

Damage from cybercrime in 2012 is estimated at $2 billion per year in Russia alone, and $100 billion worldwide.

Professor Ya.I. Gilinsky put forward a hypothesis about the reason for the halving of crime. He believes crime has simply moved to the Internet.

A.N. Bondareva (St. Petersburg) made a report “The influence of modern foreign fiction on the legal status of prostitution in Russia.”

Doctor of Philology took part in the discussion. Isaev N.A., Ph.D. Pozdnyakova M.E., Associate Professor Myakhanova A.N., Ph.D. Belousov K.Yu., Professor Komarnitsky A.V. and others.

What is the cause of evil?

According to Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) “All things are necessary, and in nature there is neither good nor evil... In the state of nature, crimes cannot be imagined; it is possible only in a civil state, where what is good and what is bad is determined by common consent, and where everyone must obey the state.”

“Try to look at yourself from the outside of the flask in which we are enclosed.

What you call development is only a continuous change of forms. The concepts of “end” and “beginning” that you invented are in fact attempts by the mortal mind to relate itself to the Eternal.

There is no “good”, just as there is no “evil”, these are just attempts to find extreme poles in order to imagine a limitless universe.

The extremes you have invented “bad-good” or “good-harm”, with the help of which you want to embrace the immensity, are, again, a reflection of the limitations of the mind that feels its helplessness.

Who came up with “finitude” and its opposite “infinity”? How can one even define finitude in Eternity? There is and cannot be either a beginning or an end.

You talk about some kind of evolution as some kind of unfolding, but you cannot indicate either the beginning or the end, because there are none. For you, Eternity is a circle, a ball, because you are not able to imagine anything else in three-dimensional space.

Can you imagine an hourglass in which sand constantly flows from itself to itself? No. Likewise, you experience space only in three dimensions. There is no evolution, just as there is no “up” or “down”.

Try to imagine a closed spiral rotating around its own axis - it will be only some semblance of Eternity that can fit in your imagination.

Your mind sees contradictions in everything because it contradicts itself and opposes everything in order to prove its superiority. In fact, contradiction is just an unknown harmony!

(from my novel “Stranger Strange Incomprehensible Extraordinary Stranger” on the New Russian Literature website

In your opinion, IS DEVIATION A GOOD OR HARM?

Deviant behavior in pre-adolescence

As for younger teenagers, these are ages 9-13, they are in a world of self-absorption. As D. Elkind writes: “the life of these children is internally extremely tense: they feel like objects of constant, close attention and evaluation; they live, as it were, on a stage, acting in front of an imaginary audience, whose possible reactions they are constantly trying to predict.”

They are emotionally unbalanced, conflict-ridden and aggressive. Self-esteem is unstable, so they are characterized by such traits as shyness and maximalism, and a tendency to take risks.

The factor of deviant behavior in adolescents has become a pressing problem in recent years. This is due to early physical development and puberty, as well as illiteracy in education methods of both parents and teachers. As a result, children are increasingly experiencing stress and psychological trauma at an earlier age.

Modern life places ever higher demands on the individual, to which the teenager has not yet had time to grow morally and psychologically. This includes a sense of duty, responsibility, self-restraint, moral and ethical guidelines.

As a result, the psychological and social factors of deviant behavior are very intertwined and related to each other:

Hereditary factors: alcoholism, predisposition to nervous and mental diseases, pathological pregnancy and childbirth;
Social factors: relationships in the family, school, with peers and friends. Also the values of the individual, his status, goals.
Personality character and temperament, motivation, self-esteem and level of aspirations.
Human legal consciousness.

Deviant personality behavior article on the topic

Deviant personality behavior

Deviant behavior of an individual, understood as a violation of social norms, has become widespread in recent years and has placed it in the spotlight. Explaining the causes, conditions and factors determining this social phenomenon has become an urgent task. The deviant behavior of a significant mass of the population today embodies the most dangerous destructive trends for the country.

Personality is a self-determining value, self-formed from relationships to the surrounding world, other people and oneself. It appears as a means, an instrument for a person to acquire his essence.

In order to define what deviant behavior is, it is first necessary to define the concept of “social norms”.

Social norms are instructions, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate (socially approved) behavior, norms, certain ideal models that determine what people should say, think, feel and do in specific situations.

Types of behavior norms

The first type is norms that arise and exist only in small groups (youth parties, groups of friends, family). These are called “group habits.”

The second type are norms that arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole. These are called “general rules”. These are customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, and manners of behavior. Every social group has its own manners, customs, and etiquette. There is social etiquette, there are manners of behavior of young people. There are national traditions and mores. All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly they are enforced. Violation of some norms is followed by a mild punishment - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look. Violations of other norms result in severe sanctions – imprisonment, even the death penalty. A certain degree of non-compliance with norms exists in every society and in every group. Violation of etiquette, the ritual of diplomatic conversation or the ritual of marriage causes awkwardness and puts a person in a difficult position. But it does not entail harsh penalties. In other situations, sanctions are more noticeable. Using a cheat sheet during an exam may result in a grade reduction, and on the Unified State Exam - removal from the exam; Loss of a library book is subject to a five-fold fine. Social norms perform very important functions in society:

regulate the general course of socialization,
unite people into groups, into society,
control deviant behavior
serve as models and standards of behavior.

How can this be achieved through norms? First, norms are also the duties of one person towards another. Therefore, norms form a network of social relations in a group or society. Secondly, norms are also expectations: others expect completely unambiguous behavior from a person who follows this norm. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and those walking towards them move on the left, orderly, organized interaction occurs. When a rule is broken, clashes and chaos arise.

At the level of individual behavior, the most common cause of deviance is the crisis of the social sphere. Thus, despite the conflicts that children have with their parents, the family is a significant area of life for them. Among the functions traditionally performed by the family, the supporting function comes first, creating a feeling of security and comfort. Depending on how fully this function is realized, one can judge the well-being of the family and its ability to resist deviant behavior. Parents who use drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes, unwittingly, form an attitude that such behavior is normal in their children. Tobacco and alcohol are the first step on the path of young people to using harder drugs. Both overprotection from the family and its complete absence can provoke drug use.

In a broad sense, a deviant is any person who has gone astray or deviated from the norm. Unfavorable living conditions and upbringing in the family, problems of mastering knowledge and associated failures in studies, inability to build relationships with others and conflicts arising on this basis, various psychophysical deviations in health, as a rule, lead to a crisis of spirit, loss of the meaning of existence.

Consider a family with an authoritarian parent.

This is, as a rule, a family in which there is dominance of one of its members, usually the father. Usually the father belongs to the type of person with a command form of communication. His professional activities are usually related to the military, security or managerial spheres. As a rule, in such a situation the mother is soft, pliable, one might say “spineless.” She often follows the lead not only of her husband, but also of her son and is unable to insist “on her own.” In such a family, the child develops rigid attitudes. At the same time, the child experiences anxiety, a fear of doing something differently than the father demands. The child waits for the authoritarian parent’s reaction to his actions, deeds, and words. Rigid attitudes “hammered” into a child inhibit the growth of individual independence and do not leave the child the opportunity to make free choices. Fear of punishment forces the child to act in accordance with the “correct” ideas, and not in accordance with the situation. The passivity of the mother plays an important role in the formation of such reactions in the child. The negative significance of such passivity is especially great in the situation of a traumatic relationship between a child and a father. The position of gentleness and “non-resistance” taken by the mother does a disservice to the child. On the one hand, by her non-resistance, the mother makes it clear to the child that the father’s behavior is generally correct. On the other hand, a passive “soft” mother cannot teach her child to make effective decisions in conflict situations. She simply allows the child to find “refuge” and reassurance in her face. Once established, this stereotype - “conflict - run away”, “conflict cannot be resolved, but avoided” - will also operate in other situations in adult life. In the described family, the child is limited in gaining experience, which inhibits the development of his ability to self-analysis and analyze his actions. Having not learned in childhood to draw conclusions from their mistakes in simple situations and resolve simple conflicts, such a person enters adulthood with an acute deficit in the skills of making independent decisions, independent thinking, and choice.

Let's consider the problems of single-parent families

In an incomplete family, the child, as a rule, is given much less attention and time than in a family where there are both parents. If only one parent has to provide for the family, including the child, then he needs more time to do this. As a result, there is less energy and time left for direct upbringing, and, unfortunately, this applies to the most loving parents. There is also an immeasurable, but very important factor - the moral support provided by parents in a complete family. Even if one of the parents is not in the family, he/she exists in the mind of the child. Together with the image of the missing parent, the child “recreates” his lifestyle, his role behavior, views, words, assessments, and the potential opportunity to seek help. This and much more creates a whole sphere of a child’s life, invariably enriches and expands his worldview. Even the “figurative” presence of a parent in a child’s life gives rise to self-confidence, a feeling of not being abandoned, and security. All this is extremely important for creating a comfortable atmosphere in which a person can harmoniously develop and improve.

If, nevertheless, the child does not develop an “image” of the absent parent, then in the process and as a result of his formation, his personality, as a rule, has very pronounced defects. It is difficult for a child to realize and accept his role. Due to the lack of attention in the family, a child often seeks to compensate for it on the side: by going out into the company, building relationships with those who pay more attention to him. Therefore, it is very important that in a family where a child is raised by one mother, there is a trusting relationship.

Burdened family

In such a family there are both parents. However, there are some factors that do not allow the family to function effectively and carry out a deep relationship between its members: build trusting relationships, raise children in an atmosphere of emotional comfort, devote a sufficient amount of time and attention to children. These factors primarily include:

any form of addiction in any family member. These are not only obvious forms of addiction condemned by society, but also its hidden types, which even those suffering from such addiction do not know about. Hidden types of addiction are, for example, dependence on work, dependence on relationships with another person, or even on a healthy lifestyle;
long-term and severe somatic or mental illness of one of the family members. Like the previous one, this factor has such an influence that one of the family members is excluded from her life in its entirety;
presence in the family of a “secret”, “mystery”. This factor, unlike the previous ones, is no longer so much the cause of dysfunction as a consequence or symptom of trouble. However, the “secret,” whatever it may be—the father’s job, the mother’s past love affairs, or the grandmother’s nationality—is always not only a consequence and a sign of a lack of complete trust in a relationship, but also a reason that limits this trust. In a family with a “secret,” the child is raised in an atmosphere of limited emotional contact with his parents. Since childhood, he has been taught to restrain his feelings, brutally control his thoughts and limit himself in contacts with other people. The child does not enter into a trusting relationship out of fear of revealing the “secret” or becoming a laughing stock. The level of anxiety in children from such families is very high, and tension due to constant hyper-self-control requires release. Under certain conditions, a drug can become a source of such release.

Let's look at some characteristic signs of a family with an increased risk of having drug-dependent children:

hushing up problems; restraining the expression of your feelings;
avoiding direct statements, expressing thoughts through allegory, fulfilling needs through manipulation;
the habit of making unrealistic plans and placing unrealistic hopes on people or circumstances;
command, “criticizing” style of communication;
unseemly actions within the family behind its “prosperous” façade;
over-control or over-permissiveness of parents in relation to children;
lack of emotional contact between children and parents.

Drawing conclusions, we can say that the family is a “cauldron” in which the child’s personality is “boiled.” A child, as a rule, easily perceives the “flaws” and shortcomings of his parents, and these negative characteristics turn out to be the basis of the personality structure of the child himself.

Reasons for deviant behavior

Psychological causes of deviant behavior

In psychology, this behavior is explained by different types of orientation: selfish (offenses for material gain), aggressive (insults, hooliganism, violence, murder), social-passive (reluctance to work and study, evasion of responsibilities and duty, which consequently leads to drunkenness, drug addiction, vagrancy, suicide).

Deviant behavior is divided into two groups from a psychological point of view:

Behavior that deviates from mental health norms. This group consists of mentally ill people with obvious or hidden signs of psychopathology.
Behavior manifested in social pathology - drunkenness, prostitution, drug addiction. Which entails various crimes and misdemeanors.

Any mental disorder has its causes. These overwhelming demands in school or work lead to strong feelings. An inferiority complex is formed, which must be extinguished through alcohol or drugs. Sexual dissatisfaction also plays an important role, which leads to sexual preoccupation and frustration. Especially in adolescence. The difficulties of adolescence often take their toll. During this period, an idea of oneself, one’s qualities, abilities, and appearance is formed.

Social causes of deviant behavior

Social inequality . Most people live in poverty and experience financial difficulties. Therefore, problems arise in the self-realization of the younger generation, who strive for success, high earnings and public recognition. Having no money for training or time. Young people are looking for illegal ways to earn money, which leads to deviant behavior.
Low morality, spirituality of society . Focusing only on material things leads a person to the idea that everything can be sold or bought. So why not sell yourself at a higher price? This leads not only to prostitution, but also to a person’s focus on a constant race for status things in order to attract a “buyer”.
An environment that is indifferent to deviant behavior leads to more and more such people. They organize themselves into their own social groups, where such behavior becomes the norm.

The whole complexity of the situation lies in the fact that often a person cannot satisfy his needs either in legal or illegal activities. This leads to self-destruction of the individual, since she does not have the opportunity for decent professional growth or self-expression.

The main causes and factors of deviant behavior are unfavorable living conditions and lack of education. As well as problems with mastering knowledge, failures in studies, lack of opportunity for self-realization. Inability to build relationships, constant conflicts and psychological deviations lead to a crisis of spirit and loss of the meaning of existence.

All the most basic things are laid in adolescence

The main causes of deviant behavior begin in adolescence. Since it is during this period that not only self-awareness and adaptation to adult life occurs, but also individualization. It manifests itself in the form of self-affirmation and the desire to stand out from others. As M.Yu. Kondratyev writes: “No matter what you do to stand out, just to stand out, to be imprinted in another world.” Often this desire leads to heroism or crime. Since a teenager is looking for the limits of what is permissible and trying to attract attention.

The behavior of a teenager is characterized by a search for adventure, novelty, a test of his character, courage and fortitude. At the same time, a person often does rash actions, which are perceived by adults as deviant behavior.

The cause of deviant behavior is also the characteristics of relationships. For example, being an outcast in class, being rejected by a teacher, being labeled a deviant. Being unrecognized at school, the teenager begins to look for other communities where he can compensate for his failures. At the same time, he often ends up in bad company.

To prevent deviant behavior and eliminate its causes, you need to help a person find a group where he will be understood and have common interests. As an option, send them to a music, sports school or sports tourism club. It all depends on the passion and interests of the individual.

If a teenager finds himself in a street environment, a group of punks, rockers or extreme sports fans, then he develops negative interests and a desire for adult forms of behavior. This entails early sexual experience, drug and alcohol use.

The main reason for such phenomena is parental negligence, insufficient attention to the child, and neglect. Therefore, at the first signs of deviant behavior, teachers should communicate with parents and determine the family situation.

Currently, the reason for deviant behavior is that teenagers are strongly worried about social stratification, the inability to live in abundance and get a good education. On this basis, a psychological shift occurs, which ends in reproaches, scandals, nervous disorders, offenses and running away from home.

conclusions

Thus, deviant behavior is determined by social, biological and psychological factors that must be taken into account when raising young people.

Experts believe that deviant behavior cannot be eradicated from society, but at the same time they note that it arises in society against the backdrop of a crisis, when people are not satisfied with the quality of life and are not in demand. According to sociologists, about 85% of the population are demoralized, discouraged and confused. As a result, they become indifferent to the means of achieving goals, corruption, and extremism.

Since no state is interested in people, only a person himself can help himself and his children through self-development, self-tuning and self-extrication. Unfortunately, these are the realities of life: “The rescue of drowning people is the work of the drowning people themselves.”